E-BOOK
Coffee Planters, Workers and Wives
Coffee is the second commodity after oil in terms of pecuniary value in world trade. About half of the world's population are people who work in agriculture and over half are women. This book is about those people, both women and men, who with their work made Brazil the first coffee producer for the world market and provided the enormous wealth that allowed the country's industrialisation. Coffee was introduced into Brazil in the early part of the eighteenth century. Initially it was consumed mainly domestically and in the coffee houses of major European cities. But as coffee con-sumption expanded rapidly with the Industrial Revolution so did production in Brazil. By the mid-nineteenth century coffee had become the country's principal export crop. Until 1880 the bulk of Brazil's coffee was grown by slave labour in the north, northeast and west of Rio de Janeiro, the Imperial capital. As the good lands in the Paraiba Valley became exhausted, coffee shifted south to Sao Paulo and large coffee estates progressively expanded westward in the province. By the 1890s sao Paulo had become the world's main coffee export centre. By then also, sao Paulo coffee was produced by free labourers hired in family units by the estates. These labourers worked under a distinctive task-and piece-rate system, the colonato, which combined work in coffee with self-provisioning and which persisted until the early 1960s when casual wage labour took its place. This book is an anthropological history of changing productive relations on Sao Paulo coffee plantations. my aim is to rescue the dynamic element in this process, namely its subjects - planters and workers, women and men -who through their interaction, informed by specific goals and values, shaped the history of Sao Paulo coffee. History has often been written as a succession of events without people. Anthropology frequently tells about people without history. As I will show, only by investigating the complex interaction between class interests and cultural values which are shaped by and in tum themselves shape social relations is it possible to account for this history.
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